Tag Archives: history

What is Postmodern Architecture?

Posted on by

Postmodern architecture emerged as a significant architectural style of the late 20th century that blends classic and modern styles to create unconventional architectural designs. This style of architecture is eclectic and colorful and emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a reaction against the belief that architecture could address societal issues. Architect Robert Venturi is the founding father of Postmodernism and his 1966 book, “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture,” signaled the shift towards a new style and celebrated classicism, color, and pop-cultural references in the design of postmodern building design.

Designer: The Crystal Cathedral Philip Cortelyou Johnson

Some of the notable postmodern architects include Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, Terry Farrell, James Stirling, Helmut Jahn, Frank Gehry, and Michael Graves. In essence, postmodernism embodies fresh perspectives on architecture. To illustrate this, Robert Venturi famously countered Mies van der Rohe’s “Less is more” with “Less is a bore,” a telling anecdote that encapsulates the essence of this architectural style.

Key Features of Post-Modern Architecture Buildings

The primary difference between modern and postmodern buildings is that modern architecture introduces modern elements into the design while postmodern buildings infuse an element of uniqueness into the design. Another difference is that while modern architects rejected ornamentation, postmodern architects had an affinity towards classical architecture and integrated it with modern design elements to create a unique look.

• Postmodern architecture is driven by the desire to utilize architecture as a means of cultural expression. In contrast to rigid rules, Postmodernism encourages architects to embrace creativity and intricate designs and transform the building into an interesting composition.

Image courtesy of: Nehrams2020

Designer: One American Plaza by Helmut Jahn

• Postmodern architecture is an Eclectic fusion of architectural styles that are borrowed from history and different eras. For instance, classical architectural features like arches and columns were mixed with materials like steel and glass.
• The postmodern buildings incorporate sculptural elements and forms over rigid and clean lines. Some of the postmodern buildings include curves and asymmetrical angles in an unusual combination of materials.
• These buildings embrace vibrant colors, including ceramic tiles and colored glass which were contrasted with natural hues of sandstone or marble. Some architects incorporated pastel shades and bright neon colors.
• There is a liberal utilization of classical ornamental motifs from historical architectural movements, often combined with unconventional design features.
• Postmodern buildings emphasize abstraction.
• These buildings are also marked by playfulness, whimsy, humor, and irony.
• Some building designs use unconventional forms that challenge the strict doctrines of Modernism.
• The use of trompe l’oeil techniques made flat surfaces look multidimensional and added an element of whimsy to the building design.

Top Ten Examples of Post-Modern Architecture

Some of the notable examples of postmodern architecture include:

1. Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany

Designer: James Stirling

The Neue Staatsgalerie Museum in Stuttgart combines traditional and modern architecture, using vibrant colors and classical elements on a sloping site. Its entrance features a blue steel trellis, glass roof, and orange doors, leading to a green-floored space with curved steel components. The atrium features classical elements while the museum blends past and future architecture.

2. Team Disney Building, Orlando

Designer: Arata Isozaki

Disney’s corporate office is a renowned example of postmodern architecture where its external façade blends geometry and colors, inspired by a wristwatch, with a central sundial surrounded by Tennessee River rock. Harmonized colors were used inside the building to create a tranquil working space that contrasts with its chaotic exterior to achieve a balance of conflict and calmness.

3. City of Wine Complex Marques De Riscal Hotel, Spain

Designer: Frank Gehry

This building is a museum and luxurious hotel that is nestled amidst a lush vineyard and its seamless, wine-like appearance is achieved through the support of three super columns. Frank Gehry’s postmodernist approach pays homage to both 19th-century and contemporary architecture, incorporating free-flowing elements. The structure primarily comprises two distinct components where over twenty titanium canopies are suspended above large sandstone blocks that constitute the front facade, while a vibrant pink hue, reminiscent of wine, enlivens the surface when the sun shines, creating a vibrant atmosphere. The contrasting surfaces of the stone exterior and wooden windows foster a connection with the traditional surroundings.

4. Ting1 in Ornsköldsvik, Sweden

Designer: Gert Wingårdh

Ting1 is a residential project in Sweden that was constructed in 1961, using a concrete courthouse as its foundation, and the new design intentionally contrasts with the old concrete structure. Inspired by painter Bengt Lindstrom’s art, the building spans the width of the old courthouse’s courtyard and creates a connection between the two.

5. Groninger Museum, Netherlands

Designers: Philippe Starck, Alessandro Mendini, Coop Himmelb(l)au

This building houses collections from the 16th Century to Contemporary Art, featuring multiple levels for visitor enjoyment. It connects three exhibition halls with notches and recesses. The elevation displays abstract art, appearing random and chaotic, akin to an artist’s palette explosion with scattered shapes, embodying postmodern architectural traits. The structure is constructed with double-wall steel plates and hardened glass that barely touch, and some rooftop portions extend over the surrounding water, beckoning the entire city to the museum. Employing deconstructivism, the architects imbued the structure with emotions, making walls serve as ceilings, windows, or floors.

6. Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans

Designers: Charles Moore, Perez Architects

Piazza d’Italia in New Orleans was designed by Charles Moore and Perez Architects and embodies Moore’s belief in inclusive and site-specific architecture. Unlike modernists seeking a universal architectural language, this monument celebrates the city’s Italian influence with vivid classical elements. Initially controversial, it became a “Postmodern ruin” due to nearby project failures but was later restored and is now appreciated as a unique and enjoyable public space.

7. Portland Municipal Services Building, Oregon

Designer: Michael Graves

The Portland Municipal Services Building is a prominent example of Postmodern architecture, designed by Michael Graves. The vibrant colors and playful geometric shapes on the facade distinguish it, deviating from universal design rules and adding a unique, recognizable element to the skyline. The triangular facade prioritizes enjoyment over adherence to “form follows function,” diverging from the building’s internal program or function. For Postmodernists, fun and distinctiveness take precedence.

8. M2 (Mazda) Building

Designer: Kengo Kuma

Kengo Kuma, renowned for his distinct style, notably diverged from it with the M2 Building. Unlike his typical work, it exemplifies the collage style often associated with Postmodern architecture and serves as an iconic “duck.” Originally designed as a Mazda showroom in Tokyo, it has since been repurposed as a funeral hall.

9. The Guggenheim Museum, Spain

Designer: Frank Gehry

Frank Gehry, a prominent architect, is renowned for the iconic Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao. His designs represent a contemporary evolution of Postmodernism, giving rise to the Deconstructivist sub-movement. These designs break away from Modernism’s rationality by incorporating unconventional, non-rectilinear forms and shapes that seemingly deform the building’s exterior.

10. MI6 building, UK

Designer: Terry Farrell

The SIS (MI6) building in London has served as the UK’s secret service headquarters since 1994. Designed by Terry Farrell in the late 1980s, the architecture draws inspiration from industrial structures like power stations and incorporates elements reminiscent of Aztec and Mayan temples. These contrasting influences harmoniously blend to create a distinct and unique structure.

Postmodernism thrived during the economic prosperity of the 1980s, extending into the 1990s, and leaving behind a collection of bold and unconventional architectural landmarks. Initially taking root in the United States, its impact spread globally to regions such as Europe, Japan, and Australia. Postmodernism continues to influence contemporary architecture to this day.

The post What is Postmodern Architecture? first appeared on Yanko Design.

Architectural Marvels of Ancient Rome

Posted on by

Roman architectural style spanned from 509 BC to roughly the 4th century AD where the buildings drew inspiration from classical Greek design and created a distinct design style. Although Greek and Roman architecture forms a part of classical architecture, the buildings of the Roman design style used innovative materials like concrete alongside advanced techniques in the construction of arches and domes resulting in structurally robust structures.

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Characteristics of Roman Architectural Style

• Monumental Scale: The magnificent scale of buildings like the Colosseum, Pantheon, Temples of Baalbek, and Baths of Caracalla is a testament to the monumental scale and grandeur of the Roman Empire.

• Symmetrical Design: The Romans used to employ strict axial symmetry that gave rise to a monumental scale. Most of the buildings worked around exact proportions to imbue a sense of beauty, harmony, and balance in their style.
• Use of Columns and Orders: In Roman architecture, an “Order” denotes a distinct style and system of proportions used in constructing structures like temples or basilicas, dictating column height, roof design, and appearance.

Images courtesy of: Encylopedia Britannica

There are five Roman Orders, known as the “Five Classical Orders of Architecture,” each with a distinctive appearance and size. The identification of each order is often based on the column capital’s design, while the order also determines the height and appearance of sections above the columns. The five orders of columns in classical Roman architecture include Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite.

Image courtesy of: SteveAllenPhoto999

• Use of Brick and Concrete: The Romans experimented with the innovative use of construction materials. Bricks were combined with concrete to create durable buildings.
• Ornate Design: Roman architecture reflects a classical style that is beautified with ornamental design elements like carvings, mosaics, frescoes, and sculptures that elevate the overall aesthetic of the exteriors and interiors.

Image courtesy of: Dmitry_Rukhlenko

• Design of Public Spaces: The Romans paid a lot of attention to public spaces which included amphitheaters, basilicas, forums, baths, aqueducts, and road networks. All these buildings were built for trade, infrastructure, and leisure.
• Advanced Engineering: The Romans were advanced and were pioneers in various fields. They constructed numerous facilities like aqueducts, to supply resources to the city. Their creation of pozzolana cement remains among the most robust and enduring cement to this day.

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Types of Buildings and Structures in Ancient Rome

• Amphitheatre

In Ancient Rome, amphitheaters were circular open-air theaters with elevated seating that were used for hosting a variety of public events like gladiator battles and executions. They featured ornate facades with marble or stucco decorations.

• Temples

Being a polytheistic society characterized by the belief or worship of more than one God, the Romans erected multiple temples dedicated to various deities.

Image courtesy of: rawf8

• Aqueduct

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Renowned for one of the most remarkable engineering achievements in ancient history, the Romans are often praised for building intricate aqueduct systems that transported clean water to different parts of their empire.

• Baths

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Roman society placed great importance on open-air communal baths. “Thermae,” derived from the Greek “thermos” meaning “hot,” typically denoted extensive, imperial complexes, while “Balneae” referred to smaller public or private bathing facilities.

• Triumphal Arches

Image courtesy of: Kmeel_films

Constructed to commemorate significant events or individuals, triumphal arches were prevalent across the Empire. Only three triumphal arches remain in Rome namely the Arch of Titus, the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the Arch of Constantine.

Top Ten Buildings of Ancient Rome

Key figures involved in the construction of ancient Rome or the heart of the Roman Empire, included Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Apollodorus of Damascus, and Emperor Hadrian. Some of the renowned buildings from Roman architecture include:

1. Roman Colosseum

Image courtesy of: heatherdeffense

The colossal Colosseum, was started by Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD and completed by his son Titus in 80 AD. With a seating capacity exceeding 50,000, it featured up to 80 entrances due to its ability to host vast audiences.

2. Pantheon

Image courtesy of: Givaga

The Pantheon, an exceptionally preserved ancient Roman marvel, was dedicated to all Roman gods and completed in 125 AD under Hadrian’s rule. It features a grand circular portico leading to a magnificent dome-covered rotunda and is a testament to Roman architectural and engineering prowess, enduring over 2,000 years of wear and tear.

3. Amphitheater, Nimes

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Built in the city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes), the Arena of Nimes, one of Gaul’s largest amphitheaters with a seating capacity of around 24,000, was initially used as a theater. In the Middle Ages, a palace was constructed inside it, and in 1863, it was transformed into a bullring, where annual bullfights continued to take place.

4. Maison Carrée

Image courtesy of: bbsferrari

Maison Carrée was built around 16 BC in Nimes, it stands at 49 feet (15 meters) tall and 85 feet (26 meters) long, it was erected by Roman General Marcus Vipanius Agrippa in memory of his sons. Converted into a Christian church in the fourth century, it escaped the fate of many Roman monuments, serving various roles over the centuries, including the town hall and storehouse, and now functions as a museum.

5. Aqueduct of Segovia

Image courtesy of: SeanPavone

The Aqueduct of Segovia, on the Iberian Peninsula, is an exceptionally well-preserved Roman construction from around 50 AD. Stretching over 16 km and made from 24,000 granite blocks, this 165-arch marvel transported water to Segovia. With its mortarless design and 30-foot (9-meter) arches, it symbolizes the city’s heritage.

6. Diocletian’s Palace

Image courtesy of: DigineeringCreations

Roman Emperor Diocletian commissioned this impressive palace for his retirement in 305 AD, where he spent his post-reign life. The palace, spanning 705 feet (215 meters) from east to west with 85-foot (26-meter) high walls, reflects architectural styles from different eras. Its use as a cathedral in the Middle Ages helped maintain its structural integrity, and it’s now a renowned archaeological site and UNESCO World Heritage site.

7. Pont du Gard

Image courtesy of: PD-media

The Pont du Gard is a Roman aqueduct built without mortar in 1st-century AD southern France, featuring three stories of precisely cut stone blocks. It’s a pivotal structure in a 31-mile aqueduct supplying water to Nimes and has served as a bridge from the Middle Ages to the 18th century.

8. Library of Celsus

Image courtesy of: tolshin

The Library of Celsus, named after Ephesus’ former governor, Gaius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, was a monumental tomb commissioned by his son, Galius Julius Aquila. This Roman architectural masterpiece features impressive interiors, exterior designs, and decorations reminiscent of Emperor Hadrian’s era. The building stands on a 69-foot (21-meter) nine-step podium.

9. Arch of Septimius Severus

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Built in 203 AD to celebrate Roman victories over the Parthians, this triumphal arch commemorated Septimius Severus’ accomplishments, including ending civil wars and defeating the Parthian Empire. Adorned with bronze gilded inscriptions, it recognized Septimius, Caracalla, and Geta for restoring and expanding the Roman Republic. Though damaged, it remains a symbol of Rome’s past glory.

10. Temples of Baalbek

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Baalbek, in present-day Lebanon, is a remarkable archaeological site and one of the best-preserved Roman temples in the ancient world. Built from the 1st century BC, four temples were dedicated to gods. The Temple of Jupiter featured 54 colossal granite columns, six of which remain, evoking their grandeur despite centuries of theft, war, and natural disasters.

Rome wasn’t built in a day and the extensive efforts spanning years, and centuries have left a lasting architectural legacy that makes a significant impact in the present day. Also, in recent years, the extensive reach of the Roman Empire has greatly influenced the architecture and infrastructure of numerous nations.

The post Architectural Marvels of Ancient Rome first appeared on Yanko Design.

The Architectural Heritage of the Mesopotamian Civilization

Posted on by

Mesopotamian architecture, born in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, takes its name from the Greek phrase “the land between the rivers. The Mesopotamian civilization is also known as the “Cradle of Civilization,” which covers the territories in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, and Cyprus. The art and architectural creations from ancient Mesopotamia, trace their origins over 7,000 years ago. These works initially emerged in northern Mesopotamia before the Ubaid Period (circa 5500-4000 BCE) and further evolved in the south during the Uruk Period (4000-3000 BCE) in Sumer which marked the establishment of the earliest recorded civilization. During this period, the focus in architecture was predominantly on religious structures, with all sculptures having deep religious significance.

Image courtesy of: Kaufingdude

Some of Mesopotamia’s architectural achievements include advanced urban planning, the design of the courtyard house, and the construction of ziggurats to name a few.

Urban Planning

• Mesopotamian cities followed a grid-like layout with straight-aligned streets and structures where the city was organized into square or rectangular blocks that are akin to contemporary urban planning. The cities featured intersecting main streets that ran both longitudinally and latitudinally and were lined with a variety of establishments, including shops, residences, and public buildings. Additionally, distinct sectors were strategically planned for housing, religious activities, and various administrative functions.
• The city was divided into residential, mixed-use, commercial, and civic zones that were grouped according to the profession of the people and were distinctly allocated based on social strata. The more affluent residents occupied the inner city, and those of lower socio-economic status resided in the outskirts.
• The Mesopotamian urban centers included robust walls constructed from mud-brick or stone to safeguard the territory against intrusion and security of the residents. These fortified walls were characterized by substantial thickness durability and protection from external dangers.

Ishtar Gate of Babylon

Image courtesy of: Rick Norton

The Ishtar Gate was a significant entrance around the inner city of Babylon, the capital of ancient Babylonia. This gate epitomized the city’s opulence and power. Adorned with intricate sculptures featuring lions, bulls, and dragons, it served as a symbol of the Babylonian ruler’s authority. The sculptures on the gate were crafted from vibrant glazed brick, enhancing the structure’s striking appearance.

• Another important aspect of the Mesopotamian civilization was the construction of the central high temple complex that served as the core around which the city evolved and the urban layout developed.
• Mesopotamian urban centers featured numerous public edifices, including grand palaces, administrative hubs, and assembly halls. Additionally, public plazas and market places served as focal points for trade and social gatherings.

Ziggurats

Image courtesy of: Handrox-G

• The Ziggurats formed one of Mesopotamia’s most renowned architectural elements which stood out as a colossal, tiered temple tower, resembling a stepped pyramid.
• These structures held religious significance and were built from sun-dried bricks that were often decorated with vibrant glazed bricks and the temples were dedicated to various gods and goddesses.
• These monumental structures were often located at the center of the cities where they acted as focal points and symbolized the city’s connection with the divine.

Some of the famous Ziggurats include:

Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu

Image courtesy of: Dr. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dur-Kurigalzu is an ancient city that is situated approximately 30 kilometers west of modern-day Baghdad and was established by the Kassite king of Babylon, Kurigalzu I, during the early 14th century B.C. This ziggurat is 52 meters tall and stands out prominently in the flat terrain near the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It was surrounded by multiple temples and an extensive palace complex covering an area of 420,000 square meters.

Chogha Zanbil

Image courtesy of: Mehdi Zali.K

Chogha Zanbil is the name of a complex housing a massive ziggurat and is known as one of the world’s best-preserved ziggurats, located in the Khuzestan Province in western Iran. The square ziggurat measured 105.2 meters in base length and 53 meters in height, distributed across 5 floors. This ziggurat was constructed in the 13th century B.C. and it earned UNESCO World Heritage status in 1979.

Great Ziggurat of Ur

Image courtesy of: Hardnfast

The Great Ziggurat of Ur, originally named “Etemenniguru,” meaning “Temple whose foundation creates an aura,” was initially constructed in the 21st century B.C. However, by the 6th century B.C., it had fallen into disrepair and was subsequently restored by the Neo-Babylonian King Nabonidus. For many centuries, the ziggurat was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1920s. This ziggurat in the southeast of Iraq underwent partial restoration, which included the grand staircase leading to the upper levels.

Mesopotamian Houses

Image courtesy of: BrokenSphere

Sumerian houses featured long-roofed central hallways, courtyards, and multiple storeys, exhibiting significant variations in size and construction materials, indicating that inhabitants likely constructed them themselves. These houses were oriented inward, focusing on an open cooling courtyard serving as the central hub for the home, with all rooms opening into it. The external walls remained plain, offering a single-entry point to the street.

Palaces

• The opulent palaces in Mesopotamia functioned as the centers of authority for rulers and administrators. The palace complex included impressive courtyards, audience chambers, and private accommodations.
• These versatile structures not only served as royal residences but also as administrative hubs, storage facilities, and sometimes workshops for artisans. Typically, these functions were compartmentalized, with various rooms grouped around an open central courtyard.

What are the Key Features of Mesopotamian Art and Architecture?

• Mesopotamian builders harnessed the local resources of clay and reeds to implement mudbrick construction for creating robust structures such as city walls, fortifications, and residences. Mud bricks were a staple of Mesopotamian construction due to their abundant local availability. These bricks were manually formed using a mixture of clay and straw, sun-dried, and subsequently utilized in architecture.
• Mesopotamian buildings include brick construction, columns, arches, and ornate decorations. The architects in Mesopotamia employed a modular design approach, enabling easy construction.
• The Mesopotamian architectural style, influenced by the region’s hot, arid climate, incorporated thick walls and high ceilings for sun and heat protection.
• In city planning, canals played a vital role by enabling agricultural irrigation, facilitating transportation, and supporting trade. Intricate water management systems were designed by skilled engineers and architects to control water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including canals, embankments, and reservoirs. Note that water management was crucial to the fertile soil of Mesopotamia so that it could support agriculture and urban development.
• In Mesopotamian cities, they implemented sophisticated sanitation systems for their era, characterized by efficiently designed drainage and sewage systems, utilizing canals and conduits to divert wastewater from residential zones, effectively mitigating the risk of disease transmission.
• Mesopotamians used cuneiform script to inscribe stone tablets, reliefs, and statues for commemorating achievements, recording legal codes, and conveying religious narratives. This provides invaluable insights into the historical and cultural heritage of the Mesopotamian civilization.
• Mesopotamian architecture was adorned with carvings, reliefs, and sculptures, which not only enhanced the aesthetics but also conveyed social, political, and religious themes, often drawing from mythology, nature, and everyday life.

Image courtesy of: Sanjar Alimov

Image courtesy of: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

To conclude, the Mesopotamian urban design was efficient and featured grid-like arrangements, defensive fortifications, ziggurats, irrigation canals, well-planned residential zones, public structures, and sanitation systems. These design elements played a key role in fostering the growth of vibrant urban hubs that served as the foundation of the Mesopotamian civilization.

The post The Architectural Heritage of the Mesopotamian Civilization first appeared on Yanko Design.

The Architectural Legacy of Ancient Greece

Posted on by

The Greek civilization achieved significant progress in the fields of philosophy, science, art, architecture, and education alongside sports, mathematics, and theatre. These advancements have left a significant mark in shaping society and cultural evolution. This civilization, spanning from mainland Greece to Mediterranean regions, produced precise and monumental buildings that have shaped architecture for millennia. Their focus on perfection over novelty led to elegant and enduring structures that continue to inspire modern design.

Image courtesy of: Andy_Dean_Photog

What is the Greek architecture?

In broad terms, Greek architecture encompasses the ancient constructions devised and crafted by the various Greek cities and civilizations, spanning regions like the Greek mainland, Peloponnese, and Aegean Islands alongside Greek colonies in Anatolia and Italy. The architecture of Greece can be subdivided into distinct periods.

Image courtesy of: Dmitry_Rukhlenko

Mycenaean Age (1750 to 1050 BC)

Mycenaean Greece, the final phase of Ancient Greece’s Bronze Age featured palatial states, urban structures, artistic achievements, and a written language. Mycenaean Greeks brought innovations in engineering, architecture, and military infrastructure, relying on Mediterranean trade for their economy.

Greek Dark Age (1100 to 900 BC)

The prehistoric Dark Age followed the collapse of Mycenaean society, which lacked civilization and literacy erasing civilization and leaving a society without even rudimentary features like pottery. Lasting roughly 200 years, the Dark Age plunged society into obscurity, extinguishing all signs of civilization, including literacy. The Greek Dark Ages witnessed the transformation of farming villages into city-states, marked by the creation of agora (marketplaces) and central communal spaces, while people lived in primitive huts, had limited interaction with the outside world, and lost the ability to produce art, sculpture, or stone structures.

Greek Archaic period (800 to 479 BCE)

During the Archaic period, significant architectural advancements occurred as local communities expanded their territories to acquire additional farmland and resources, resulting in the creation of grid-planned settlements centered around temples and markets. This era introduced features like covered porticoes, sloped roofs, and stone column shafts. The most notable architectural innovation was the development of distinct column styles, known as the orders of architecture which included the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian order.

Greek Classical Age (500-336 BCE)

Classical architecture, originating in ancient Greece emphasized columns and pediments and utilized a post-and-beam system with columns as load-bearing elements marking a transition from timber to marble and stone construction. The Doric order, remained popular in the Greek mainland and western colonies, while the Ionic order emerged in the east and was used for smaller temples and interiors.

Hellenistic period (336 to 146 BCE)

Hellenistic architecture emphasizes dramatic theatricality and viewer experience, with public spaces and temples designed on a grand scale, featuring an increased prevalence of the Corinthian order, reflecting the dramatic tendencies seen in Hellenistic sculpture.

Imagge courtesy of Diego Delso

Characteristics of Greek Architecture

Greek architecture is an integral part of classical architecture, including Roman architectural styles, characterized by its emphasis on uniformity, simplicity, proportionality, and harmony. Greek architecture is characterized by its tall columns, adherence to symmetry, square or rectangular floor plans, and the prevalent use of stone in its structures. Many iconic structures from this era were crafted from stone, although materials like wood and brick were occasionally used. Greeks constructed various public buildings, such as theatres and stadiums, but the most renowned achievements were the temples dedicated to the Olympic gods.

Image courtesy of: Prodronemovie

Image courtesy of: Saffron_Blaze

What are the Greek Classical Orders?

The architectural orders represent classical architectural styles, with each order defined by its specific proportions, distinctive profiles, and notable details, and they are most easily identified by the particular type of column they use. These three architectural orders of Greek architecture include the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.

The primary method for distinguishing architectural orders is through the analysis of their column styles and the entablature, which consists of moldings and bands positioned horizontally above the columns. The entablature can be subdivided into three parts: the architrave (a lintel or beam atop the columns), the frieze (a decorative band usually located in the middle of the entablature), and the cornice (a horizontal molding that crowns the structure).

• Doric Order

The emergence of the Doric order in Greek architecture dates back to the early 7th century BCE, leading many to consider it the oldest, as well as the most straightforward and imposing architectural style. Doric columns featured unadorned and uncomplicated smooth, round capitals and were more robust compared to their counterparts in the Ionic and Corinthian orders. Some of the examples of Doric columns in Greek architecture include the Parthenon, the Temple of Hephaestus, and the Temple of the Delians.

Image courtesy of: butlerm

• Ionic Order

The Ionic Order finds its origins in Ionia, a coastal region located in what is currently known as Turkey, from which it derives its name. Its distinctive features primarily include the scroll-like decorative elements seen on Ionic column capitals, referred to as volutes, and the presence of column bases, a feature absent in Doric columns. Some of the examples of Ionic columns in Greek include the Heraion of Samos and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.

Image courtesy of: Netfalls

• Corinthian Order

The term “Corinthian” pertains to an elaborate architectural column design. The Corinthian style is characterized by its intricacy and complexity, distinguishing it from the earlier Doric and Ionic Orders. In the Corinthian style, the capital, which is the uppermost section of the column, features opulent decorative motifs meticulously crafted to resemble leaves and flowers.

Image courtesy of: elxeneize

Prominent examples of Greek architecture

Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens

Image courtesy of: staRRush

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

The Temple of Olympian Zeus also known as the Olympieion or Columns of the Olympian Zeus, stands as a colossal relic at the heart of Athens, Greece. This majestic structure was dedicated to “Olympian” Zeus, a title reflecting his role as the chief deity among the Olympian gods. The construction of this temple started in the 6th century BC during the rule of the Athenian tyrants where their vision was to create the grandest temple in the ancient world. It was only in the 2nd century AD that this project reached completion 638 years after its inception under the rule of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. During the Roman era, this temple comprised 104 massive columns and earned the distinction of being the largest temple in Greece.

Parthenon, Acropolis

Image courtesy of: Bokstas

The Parthenon, initially built to celebrate the Hellenic victory over the Persians, also served as a city treasury. Construction started in 447 BC, completed in 438 BC, with decorative work finishing in 432 BC. It later became the treasury for the Delian League and the Athenian Empire. In the 6th century AD, it became a Christian church, then a mosque after the Ottoman conquest. In 1687, it was damaged during a Venetian attack.

Odeon of Herodes Atticus, Acropolis

Image courtesy of: rawf8

Odeon of Herodes Atticus is a typical Roman theater, that finished sometime between 160 and 174 CE. Erected by the affluent philanthropist Herodes Atticus in honor of his wife, Regilla, this structure, in its initial design, featured a roof constructed from cedar and a front facade adorned with three stories of arches. Carved into the rugged southern slope of the Acropolis hill, this open-air theater stands as one of the world’s most ancient and remarkable. With a seating capacity of around 5,000, it underwent comprehensive restoration in 1952-1953 and now serves as the central location for the annual Athens Epidaurus Festival.

Erechtheion, Acropolis

Image courtesy of: Neirfy007

Image courtesy of: Source

The Erechtheion is an ancient temple that is constructed on the north side of Acropolis and is dedicated to goddess Athena. Built during 421 to 406 BC on an irregular terrain, the temple is an asymmetrical composition that formed a religious center for worshipping the god Hephaistos, Erechtheus, and the hero Boutes, who was Erechtheus’ brother.

The Great Theater of Epidaurus

Image courtesy of: Carole Raddato

Situated in the Greek city of Epidaurs and built in the late 4th century BC near modern Lygourio the ancient Theatre of Epidaurus is dedicated to Asclepius, the ancient Greek God of medicine. This theatre is renowned for its remarkable acoustics and aesthetics and is regarded as the most flawless ancient Greek theater.

Greek architecture successfully combines functionality and artistic expression that is reflected in the construction of public spaces, monumental temples and open-air theatres. Its architectural heritage is still replicated and incorporated into modern architectural designs and interior aesthetics.

The post The Architectural Legacy of Ancient Greece first appeared on Yanko Design.

Unveiling Egypt’s Architectural Wonders: A Journey Through Time

Posted on by

Ancient Egyptian architecture is deeply rooted in the divine relationship between humans the kings and their Gods. This symbolism is echoed in the tombs, pyramids, and temples of Egypt. The prevalent use of materials such as limestone, sandstone, and granite evolved from sun-baked mud bricks, with architectural designs reflecting a harmonious mix of religious, social, and political influences.

Designer: I. M. Pei

Egyptian Art Timeline

Egyptian art history is characterized by three key epochs:

Old Kingdom (circa 2,700-2,200 B.C.E.)

The Old Kingdom was characterized by political stability and economic prosperity. This period witnessed the construction of grand pyramidal tombs for Egyptian monarchs, while early Egyptians employed mastabas for marking their deceased graves.

The Middle Kingdom (2,050-1,800 B.C.E.)

This period is often regarded as the golden age which gave rise to some of its most exceptional works of art and literature.

The New Kingdom (approximately 1,550-1,100 B.C.E)

The history of Egyptian Architecture is marked as a flourishing era of architecture and art. During this period, the Pharaoh’s empire was achieved through diplomacy, trade, and warfare, securing centuries of political stability and prosperity.

Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture

• Materials: The temples and pyramids were constructed from stone, while houses were primarily made from mud brick. Most of the Egyptian structures featured flat roofs, which were supported by exterior walls and columns.
• Monumental Scale: Egyptian architecture is known for its monumental scale as in the Great Pyramid of Giza, standing over 450 feet tall.

Image courtesy of: antonpetrus

• Hierarchical Planning: Hierarchical Planning in Egyptian architecture arranges spaces deliberately. Karnak Temple Complex is a testament to the planning skills as it incorporates a strategic layout, leading to the grand Hypostyle Hall, emphasizing its religious importance.

Image courtesy of: Givaga

• Symbolic Decoration: Symbolism forms an integral part of Egyptian architecture. Deir el-Bahari’s Temple of Hatshepsut is beautified with intricately carved reliefs and sculptures that narrate her divine birth, reign, and religious significance.

Image courtesy of: Givaga

• Hieroglyphs: Hieroglyphs are formal inscriptions on papyrus and wood. They encompass logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements, portraying real or abstract concepts, and holding religious significance.

Image courtesy of: animix

• Pylon Gateways: Pylon gates of the Temple of Horus at Edfu, feature immense, sloping structures marking the transition from the secular to the sacred world and it is adorned with intricate artwork.

Image courtesy of: wirestock

• Mortuary Temples: Mortuary temples are dedicated to pharaohs like Ramesses II. They were places of worship, featuring colossal statues and detailed reliefs, aimed at preserving the pharaoh’s legacy and ensuring divine favor.

Image courtesy of: Merlinus74

• Hypostyle Halls: In Egyptian architecture, Hypostyle halls are expansive spaces featuring numerous colossal columns, as seen in the Temple of Luxor’s magnificent hall with 74 intricately adorned columns.

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

• Carved stone images: Architects utilized indigenous stones like soft limestone, sandstone, calcite, and schist to craft sculptures of deities, monarchs, and royalty. These sculptures conveyed tales of victories, battles, foreign conquests, and pharaohs’ lives.

Image courtesy of: BreakingTheWalls

• Mastabas: A hallmark of Egyptian architecture, mastabas, served as burial tombs along the Nile’s banks. Inspired by pyramid construction, these brick and stone structures entombed kings and their families. The structure featured rectangular shapes, sloping walls, and interiors with statues, vaults, and chambers.

Image courtesy of: wirestock

• Clerestory Windows: Clerestory windows were positioned on high walls as they channel natural light into sanctuaries. This divine illumination enhances spiritual experiences, harmonizing with architecture.
• Obelisks: Obelisks are iconic in Egyptian architecture due to their towering, slender structures topped with pyramids, exemplified by the Luxor Obelisk, formerly located at Luxor Temple.

Image courtesy of: filin72

Top Ten Egyptian Structures

Many remarkable ancient Egyptian marvels have withstood the test of time and dedicated archaeologists have unveiled the stories hidden within these grand temples, statues, tombs, and the pharaohs responsible for them. Below, explore ten of Egypt’s most extraordinary ancient monuments.

1. Great Pyramids of Giza

Image courtesy of: wirestock

The Great Pyramid, part of the Giza necropolis in Cairo, was built by Khufu during Ancient Egypt’s 4th Dynasty. Standing at 139 meters and employing 100,000 craftsmen, it’s the last of the Seven Wonders of the World. Khufu’s son, Khafre, built the second, slightly shorter pyramid, while Menkaure constructed the smallest.

2. Abu Simbel

Image courtesy of: ivanmorenosl

During the 19th Dynasty, Ramesses the Great carved the imposing Abu Simbel temple into solid rock to assert his divinity in Nubian territory. The Great Temple’s entrance is guarded by four colossal 20-meter statues of Ramesses II, with hieroglyphs inside depicting his feats and interactions with gods. The Small Temple, dedicated to the sky goddess Hathor, features statues of Ramesses II’s wife, Queen Nefertari, standing 10 meters tall.

3. The Great Sphinx, Giza

Image courtesy of: wirestock

The Great Sphinx, near Khafre’s pyramid complex, is a unique monument crafted in the 4th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Khafre added his face to a lion’s body. The nose, often attributed to Napoleon’s soldiers, was likely removed by 14th-century Muslim groups to discourage offerings from local farmers, dispelling earlier myths.

4. Luxor Temple

Image courtesy of: Givaga

Luxor Temple served as a site for New Kingdom pharaohs to rejuvenate their kingship before the gods. Amenhotep III and Ramesses II erected monuments to celebrate the Opet festival, during which gods like Amun, Maat, and Khons journeyed from Karnak to Luxor for a 24-day celebration. Notable structures include the Colonnade of Amenhotep III, the Great Court of Ramesses II, the First Pylon, and the Standing Statue of Ramesses II.

5. The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Image courtesy of: Unai82

Built during Egypt’s 18th Dynasty, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is near the Valley of the Kings, beneath Deir el Bahari’s cliff. Architect Senenmut designed it, dedicated to the god Amun. Hatshepsut, a unique female Pharaoh, ruled for nearly two decades and is considered history’s first “great lady.” She accidentally poisoned herself while treating a hereditary skin condition.

6. Karnak Temple

Image courtesy of: Yakov_Oskanov

Karnak, a revered site in Egypt, was dedicated to Amun-Ra’s worship. This complex, central for Thebes’ festivals, evolved over 2,000 years. Akhenaten’s temple to Aten was demolished by Horemheb and Ramesses II. Prominent monuments include the Hypostyle Hall, Thutmose I’s Obelisk, Hatshepsut’s Obelisk, Horemheb’s Great Edict, and the Avenue of Sphinxes.

7. The Valley of The Kings

Image courtesy of: DavePrimov

The Valley of the Kings, located on the west bank of the Nile near Luxor, served as the New Kingdom pharaohs’ burial ground. It contains various tombs, ranging from single coffins to elaborate underground family tombs for the afterlife. The most renowned is King Tutankhamun’s, discovered by Howard Carter in 1922. Attempts to erase Tutankhamun from history by later pharaohs protected his tomb from disturbance for nearly 3,500 years.

8. The Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid of Sneferu

Image courtesy of: BlackBoxGuild

Sneferu, the inaugural pharaoh of Egypt’s 4th Dynasty and Khufu’s father, reigned for around 50 years. He constructed three pyramids, including the Bent Pyramid, named due to mid-construction angle adjustments. The Red Pyramid, known for its reddish color due to limestone oxidation, once had a white limestone casing stolen by robbers due to its flat sides, leaving the red core visible.

9. The Colossi of Memnon

Image courtesy of: Givaga

The Colossi of Memnon, two 20-meter-tall statues of Amenhotep III, are now part of the Theban Necropolis in Luxor. Originally part of his mortuary temple, they are massive stone structures stacked without mortar. The statues were restored multiple times, even by Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, but face recent deterioration due to pollution and wear. Efforts are underway to prevent further damage and collapse. “Memnon” is the Greek name given in honor of their hero from the Trojan War.

10. Temple of Edfu

Image courtesy of: Unai82

Constructed in the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu is a tribute to Horus and Hathor. With the ascendance of Christianity in the 4th century, the temple lost its religious significance, suffering arson and vandalism. Villagers later built over and nearly buried the site. Today, Edfu attracts tourists on Nile riverboats, offering a glimpse into Egypt’s history.

The post Unveiling Egypt’s Architectural Wonders: A Journey Through Time first appeared on Yanko Design.

Industrial Design Trends: From Past Innovations to Future Possibilities

Posted on by

The field of Industrial Design (ID) revolves around crafting products and services that are intuitive for users worldwide. Industrial designers prioritize aesthetics, functionality, and ease of manufacture, striving to enrich daily interactions. Whether for personal or commercial use, every item undergoes this transformative process, aimed at enhancing lives through thoughtful design.

Designer: Tamarit Motorcycles

Lets delve into the history of Industrial Design:

What historical factors and practices contributed to the evolution of industrial design as a distinct field?

Designer: Allbirds

• Before industrialization, product design was primarily determined by individual craftsmen’s skills, client requirements, and experience.
• The division of labor was evident in pre-industrial times, with specialized workshops producing standardized goods.
• In the 16th century, pattern books emerged, providing decorative designs for a variety of products, and fostering competition.
• Drawing became a method for specifying construction details during the Italian Renaissance.
• By the 17th century, centralized monarchies like France were backing large government-operated manufacturing facilities such as the Gobelins Manufactory. This patronage extended to court porcelain factories in the 18th century, but with the scale of production increasing, individual craftsmanship often suffered.

Who is the founding father of Industrial Design?

Image courtesy of: Linnean Society of London

Christopher Dresser (1834-1904) is considered the pioneer of industrial design. He was the first independent industrial designer, recognizing the potential of the Industrial Revolution before his German counterparts in the Modern Movement. Dresser’s groundbreaking journey to Japan, appointed by the British Government, reshaped his design approach and inspired the Anglo-Japanesque style in England. His diverse portfolio spanned furniture, textiles, ceramics, glassware, and metalwork, showcasing his versatility and forward-thinking mindset. Despite the conservative Victorian society, Dresser’s courage and vision propelled him to success, establishing him as a design icon with tastes beyond his time.

This silver teapot was created by Christopher Dresser and crafted by Hukin & Heath in Birmingham, with its design registered on May 6, 1878, and the production took place between 1878 and 1879.

Images courtesy of: Daniella on Design

The teapot, designed by Christopher Dresser and produced by James Dixon & Sons in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Created around 1879, it features electroplated nickel silver and ebonized wood.

The glazed earthernware bowl, envisioned by Christopher Dresser and crafted by the Linthorpe Art Pottery in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire was produced between 1879 to 1882.

What is the history of Industrial Design?

Industrial design’s roots stretch to the early 1900s amid the industrial revolution’s onset. The 1920s witnessed flourishing design across sectors like automotive engineering and electrical appliances, with artists enlisted to elevate aesthetics. The term “industrial design” may have originated in The Art Union journal in 1839. Make a note that the Industrial Revolution, originating in late 18th century Britain, rapidly spread worldwide, transforming agrarian societies into industrialized economies marked by mechanization and urbanization

Designer: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Weissenhof Estate)

The Deutscher Werkbund, founded in Munich in 1907, united architects, artists, industrialists, and designers. It aimed to boost German companies’ global competitiveness by integrating mass-production techniques with traditional craftsmanship. Hermann Muthesius, a German architect, is credited with conceiving the idea.

Designer: Walter Gropius (Bauhaus building, Dessau)

The Bauhaus, founded by Walter Gropius in 1919, was a pioneering school in Germany that fused fine arts and crafts education. It significantly influenced industrial design, typography, interior design, and architecture, emerging as a dominant force in modern design. Operating in Weimar (1919-1925), Dessau (1925-1932), and Berlin (1932-1933), it left an indelible mark on creative disciplines.

Amidst the Great Depression of 1929, industrial designers seized an unforeseen chance to demonstrate their abilities. This severe global economic downturn, spanning the late 1920s to the 1930s, brought widespread unemployment, poverty, and a drastic decline in industrial output, along with major disruptions in global trade. In this challenging era, Frederick W. Taylor, a mechanical engineer, played a pivotal role in bolstering industrial efficiency.

What are the current trends of Industrial Design?

The top industrial design trends include:

1. Sustainable Industrial Design

Designer: Ikea

Sustainable design encompasses developing products or services based on economic, ecological, and social sustainability principles. This E3 variable, emphasizing Equity, Economy, and Ecology, sets it apart from eco-design, which focuses solely on environmental sustainability. It involves responsibly using natural resources to meet present needs without compromising those of future generations. Sustainable design plays a crucial role in achieving design strategies that support a high quality of life, sustainable production, and environmental awareness.

2. Technology and Innovation

Advancing technologies like 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, generative design, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are revolutionizing industrial design. 3D printing enables rapid prototyping and complex designs, while VR and AR enhance visualization and collaboration. Generative design leverages algorithms for innovative solutions, and IoT embeds smart functionality into products. These technologies not only streamline the design process but also foster creativity, efficiency, and sustainability, shaping the future of industrial design across diverse sectors.

3. Human-Centered Design

Designer: Stan Deng

Human-centered design (HCD) is an approach to problem-solving utilized in process, product, service, and system design, focusing on involving the human perspective in all stages of the problem-solving process. It aims to make systems usable and beneficial by prioritizing user needs, and requirements, and applying human factors/ergonomics, as well as usability knowledge and techniques. HCD enhances effectiveness, efficiency, human well-being, user satisfaction, accessibility, and sustainability while mitigating potential adverse effects on human health, safety, and performance. It involves stages like observing the problem within its context, brainstorming, conceptualizing, and implementing solutions.

4. Minimalism

Designer: BKID co

Minimalism has become increasingly popular in industrial design, emphasizing the removal of excess elements to focus on essentials, resulting in intuitive, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing products and spaces. This approach resonates with consumers drawn to the sleek, uncluttered aesthetic. Simplicity defines minimalist designs, making them easy to use and understand. By stripping down designs to their core features, minimalism maximizes impact while reducing clutter and improving functionality. Additionally, this design concept can reduce costs and production time by eliminating unnecessary features.

5. Inclusive Design

Designer: Quantum

Inclusive product experiences are shaped by a thorough understanding of user backgrounds and abilities, promoting a sense of belonging. Inclusive design methodologies aim to cater to diverse user needs, considering factors like accessibility, age, culture, economic situation, education, gender, geographic location, and language. By empathizing with users and adapting interfaces accordingly, inclusive design generates inclusive design patterns, ensuring a more accommodating user experience.

6. Biomimicry

Designer: John Mauriello

Nature serves as a rich source of inspiration for many designers, offering evolved intelligence and innovative solutions. Biomimicry in industrial design involves emulating characteristics or strategies from nature to address various challenges. From materials to systems and technologies, nature provides valuable insights for creating sustainable and efficient designs. By studying natural forms and processes, designers can develop innovative solutions that mimic the efficiency and effectiveness of biological systems. This approach not only offers aesthetically pleasing designs but also promotes sustainability and resilience.

7. AI in Industrial Design

Designer: Shail Patel

AI-generated product design involves leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to generate novel product designs, presenting a transformative opportunity for designers by streamlining the process of conceptualization. While current technology has its limitations, it proves most beneficial in the initial stages of innovation, enabling rapid visualization and testing of new concepts, thereby expediting the design process.

Industrial design encompasses a transformative process wherein design principles are utilized to conceive products, subsequently manufactured through specific procedures. This multifaceted career field involves crafting a diverse array of globally utilized items, spanning from equipment to objects and services, fostering creativity in the creation and production of goods.

The post Industrial Design Trends: From Past Innovations to Future Possibilities first appeared on Yanko Design.

The History of Architecture: Important Timelines

Posted on by

Architecture is a fluid art that blends various periods and styles while architectural history can be used as a method for tracking the development of architecture or buildings across diverse cultures and time periods, starting from the Stone Age to ancient Egyptian architecture and the building edifices of the modern era. Additionally, the construction styles have evolved across different centuries in different parts and civilizations of the world. Let’s delve into the architectural timeline, which spans from prehistoric times to the mid-20th century, and explore the different eras across various social and cultural backgrounds, influenced by early civilizations, religion, and social shifts.

Image courtesy of: wirestock

1. Prehistoric Architecture (11,600 BCE -3,500 BCE)

Prehistoric architecture refers to an era where there were no records of written history and shelters were primarily used for protection and storage of food out of organic materials like mud, foliage, stone, and animal products such as bone and hide. During this period some tombs and ceremonial structures were also constructed and these were often circular to reflect the celestial design. Stonehenge forms one of the first prehistoric monuments that was built nearly 5,000 years ago.

Image courtesy of: wirestock

2. Ancient Egyptian Architecture (3050 BCE – 900 BCE)

The ancient Egyptian civilization spans over 3000 years and one of the most notable examples of Egyptian architecture is the pyramids. The materials used for the excavated temples, palaces, and tombs were constructed using local materials like mud brick and limestone. The construction included the post and lintel method and many structures were aligned astronomically. Additionally, the structures included intricate carvings that were adorned with paint, but the paint has eroded over time.

Image courtesy of: Unai82

Image courtesy of: Givaga

3. Mesopotamian Architecture (3200 BCE – 330 BCE)

Mesopotamian architecture forms the ancient architecture along the Tigris and the Euphrates. Some of the key achievements in Mesopotamian architecture include contributions towards urban planning and using the concept of courtyard houses. Another notable structure of this civilization was the design of the Ziggurats which was a massive structure in the form of a terraced step pyramid constructed with receding stories that led to a temple at the summit.

Image courtesy of: wirestock

4. Ancient Greek Architecture (900 and 30 BCE)

Ancient Greek architecture is renowned for its temples like the Parthenon, processional gateways, public squares enclosed by storied colonnades, town council buildings, public monuments, grand tombs, and stadiums. Temples, in particular, were conceived as sculptural entities harmonizing with their landscapes, often situated on elevated terrain to showcase their proportions and play with light. This architectural tradition introduced the division of styles into three orders: the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, profoundly influencing later Western architecture.

Image courtesy of: sokorspace

Image courtesy of: Netfalls

5. Ancient Roman Architecture (600 BCE – CE 476)

Ancient Roman architecture, initially influenced by Greek design, evolved into a distinct style, considered part of classical architecture. Thriving during the Roman Republic and Empire, it produced the most surviving structures. Romans used innovative materials like concrete and technologies such as arches and domes, resulting in sturdy buildings. This style emerged during the Imperial period, blending Etruscan and Greek elements, giving rise to classical architecture. It shifted from column-and-lintel construction to massive walls with arches and domes. The Roman architecture featured grand public structures, engineering marvels, and improvements in housing and sanitation, elevating living standards.

Image courtesy of: Givaga

Image courtesy of: a_medvedkov

6. Byzantine Architecture (330 – 554)

Byzantine architecture was the architectural style of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire which spans from 330 AD, marked by Constantine the Great’s establishment of a new Roman capital in Byzantium (later Constantinople), to the empire’s fall in 1453. Notably, the early Byzantine architectural style is distinguishable from earlier Roman architecture in both aesthetics and structure as it developed into a distinct artistic and cultural entity, centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), rather than Rome and its surroundings.

Hagia Sophia

Image courtesy of: tatiana_bralnina

Image courtesy of: ABBPhoto

7. Romanesque Architecture (790 – 1150)

Romanesque architecture, characterized by semi-circular arches, emerged in medieval Europe, and it evolved into the Gothic style, recognizable by its pointed arches. Romanesque architecture blends elements from ancient Roman, Byzantine, and local traditions, featuring robust construction with thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, tall towers, and decorative arcades. Structures display clear, often symmetrical forms, emphasizing simplicity compared to later Gothic edifices. While numerous castles were constructed during this era, churches predominate, with notable abbey churches still in use today.

Image courtesy of: ABBPhoto

8. Gothic Architecture (1130-1500)

Gothic architecture, prevalent in Europe, evolved from Romanesque architecture and originated in northern France. The distinctive feature that defines Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch, which, in turn, gave rise to the emergence of pointed rib vaults and flying buttresses, complemented by intricate tracery and stained-glass windows. Gothic architecture is evident in ecclesiastical buildings like cathedrals and churches, as well as castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and more.

Statuary of the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral

Image courtesy of: clodio

9. Renaissance Architecture (1400 – 1600)

Renaissance architecture marked a deliberate revival of elements from ancient Greek and Roman culture. The Renaissance style prioritized symmetry, proportion, geometry, and regularity, drawing inspiration from classical antiquity, especially ancient Roman architecture. It featured orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters, lintels, semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches, and aediculae, departing from the complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.

Florence Baptistry

10. Baroque Architecture (1584 -1750)

Baroque architecture, emerging in early 17th-century Italy, promoted by the Catholic Church, aimed for astonishment and awe. Architects heightened and adorned Renaissance elements, using quadratura, trompe-l’œil, and gilding to create heavenly illusions. Dramatic lighting, sculpted angels, twisted columns, and elaborate decorations defined the opulent style, notably in grand palaces. Baroque can be broadly classified into Early Baroque, High Baroque, and Late Baroque styles.

Image courtesy of: frimufilms

Image courtesy of: wirestock

11. Rococo Architecture (1723-1759)

Rococo is a highly decorative and theatrical architectural and artistic style marked by asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, pastel colors, sculpted molding, and trompe-l’œil frescoes, aiming to create surprise, motion, and drama. Rococo exudes exuberant decoration with abundant curves, undulations, and nature-inspired elements. Exteriors are typically simple, while interiors are ornate, aiming to impress immediately. Complex floor plans with interlocking ovals are common in churches, while palaces feature grand staircases offering varied perspectives of the décor.

Eglise Notre-Dame, Bordeaux

Ceiling of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, by Piazzetta

12. Neoclassical Architecture (1640-1850)

Neoclassical architecture, also known as Classical Revival architecture, aimed to return to a purer classical style, shedding the excesses of Late Baroque while adapting to contemporary needs. This architectural style emphasizes wall structure over ornamentation, emphasizing symmetry, simple geometry, and societal function. It contrasts with the naturalistic ornamentation of the Rococo style and incorporates classicizing features from the Late Baroque tradition.

Oudenbosch Basilica

Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel

13. Modern Architecture (1900 to Present)

Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, is an architectural style rooted in innovative construction technologies, including glass, steel, and reinforced concrete. It emphasizes functionalism, minimalism, and the elimination of ornamentation. Emerging in the early 20th century, it dominated architecture after World War II until the 1980s when it gave way to postmodern architecture.

Designer: Frank Lloyd Wright

Designers: Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret

14. Postmodern Architectural History (1964 to Present)

Postmodern architecture, emerging in the ’70s and ’80s, reacted against modernism and the international style by revisiting architectural history through references, quotations, and sampling. It aimed to reconnect with the public, resulting in a diverse range of buildings blending classicism and contemporary elements to create innovative designs.

Designer: Frank Gehry

Petronas Twin Towers

Image courtesy of: GaudiLab

Image courtesy of: tampatra

Burj Khalifa

Image courtesy of: photocreo

Image courtesy of: wirestock

The post The History of Architecture: Important Timelines first appeared on Yanko Design.

Historical Buddhist site master plan looks like a fantasy biodiversity space

Posted on by

Most people probably think of religious sites as churches, temples, or even buildings, but there are plenty of locations regarded as “holy” or even historical places that are sometimes nothing more than a mound and a tree. Buddhism, for example, has one such sacred space that holds relics of its past, an unadorned mount covered by grass and topped by a simple yet distinctive tree. Given both its religious and historical significance, there is a strong interest in preserving such a site while also promoting its spirit in tangible yet subtle ways. One such plan transforms this key piece of Buddhist religion and history into a biodiversity garden that almost looks like a landscape straight out of a fantasy film.

Designer: Stefano Boeri Architetti

Located in western Nepal, the Stupa or “heap” of Ramagrama is one of the most important locations in Buddhism, combining religious, historical, and cultural heritage in a single place. A centuries-old Bodhi tree sits on top of a green hill that has formed over an intact dirt burial mound that contains portions of the relics of Buddha. That landscape has remained unchanged, protected by both nature and man, yet there is no assurance that it will be that way forever. A master plan is needed to help preserve the natural beauty of this site while also encouraging both believers as well as tourists to immerse themselves in the environment in a safe manner.

The solution presented in this beautiful design creates a wide space around the stupa and the Bodhi tree that maintains a respectful distance in order to preserve historical landmarks and objects for future generations. Covered walkways encircle the hill while dozens of pathways draw a beautiful and mesmerizing mandala that can only be seen from the skies. Four portals in each direction break up the area into four quadrants, with large access roads that lead to the central hill.

This open space for contemplation or “Prato della Pace” is surrounded by the Garden of Biodiversity, a slope that is conceived to hold 80,000 plants of 70 different local species selected from the Terai plain considered to be the Buddha’s birthplace. A shaded path covered with trees separates these two circular areas and provides a convenient location to view and appreciate the Ramagrama Stupa from a distance.

The master plan for the Ramagrama Stupa is an ambitious project that combines the many elements that represent Buddhism into a harmonious piece of architectural design and landscaping. The structures and circular paths embrace minimalism and mysticism, allowing visitors to both pray and marvel, whatever the purpose of their visit may be. The high biodiversity pays homage to the Bodhi tree, itself a symbol of biodiversity, and ensures that the botanical legacy of Buddhism will also be preserved for years or even centuries. It’s a design that generates an air of mysticism and wonder, creating a space that is literally rooted to the earth yet looks like it exists on a higher plane.

The post Historical Buddhist site master plan looks like a fantasy biodiversity space first appeared on Yanko Design.

COSMOS Chair: An Experience that Unveils a Multiverse of Emotions and Intricacies

Posted on by

In a world brimming with innovation and creativity, there are certain designs that transcend their physical form and touch the very essence of our being. Such is the case with the awe-inspiring COSMOS chair, a masterpiece that elegantly intertwines human emotion with the boundless complexity of the universe. Crafted by the visionary mind of Brooklyn-based designer Peter Minsoub Sim, this chair is more than just a piece of furniture—it is an intricate tapestry that beckons us to explore the vast realms of human cognition and connect with the universe on an unparalleled level.

Designer: Peter Minsoub Sim

The very first glance at the COSMOS chair triggers a sense of grandeur, as if gazing upon a throne that commands not just a room, but an entire universe. This imagery is not by chance, for the chair’s design is an embodiment of the intricate nature of the cosmos. While the initial impression might be regal, the deeper layers of the design reflect the meticulous intention to encapsulate the universe within a tangible object.

Comprising over 400 distinct parts, the COSMOS chair brings together a harmonious blend of styles from various eras, fusing digital precision with the artistry of human hands. The amalgamation of cast brass, 3D-printed components, and delicate glass elements highlights the chair’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of craftsmanship. This synthesis of modern technology and traditional artistry is a testament to the evolving relationship between the human mind and the tools at its disposal.

COSMOS chair is not just a physical creation; it is a reflection of the intricate interplay between objects and human emotions. The chair draws inspiration from the elements of nature—the sun, the earth, trees, clouds, waves, water droplets, birds, and fish. These elements form the essence of the chair’s design, with a hand-carved sunflower serving as a focal point and cobalt blue glass stars encircling the sun in a celestial halo.

Yet, it’s not just these non-human elements that define the chair’s identity. The chair itself becomes a representation of human presence, both in the space it occupies and in the hands that meticulously shaped it. This harmonious blend of the natural and the human creates an emotional resonance that transcends words and communicates directly with our senses.

COSMOS doesn’t just speak, it communicates in a language that bypasses the confines of vocabulary. The curves, textures, materials, and hues of the chair are the vocabulary of this intricate dialect. Through these visual elements, the chair invites us to contemplate the interconnectedness of the universe and the remarkable symphony of harmony that exists within it. This isn’t merely a fantasy; it’s a profound homage to the physical world we inhabit.

Yet, COSMOS isn’t just a work of art; it’s a functional chair that invites us to experience its intricate beauty firsthand. One can sit within its embrace and be enveloped by the serene forests, expansive oceans, and limitless skies it encapsulates. The brass birds, meticulously positioned, evoke a sense of both scale and significance, reminding us of our place within the grand tapestry of existence.

As we find ourselves seated in the embrace of the COSMOS chair, we are transported to a realm of wonder and curiosity. The chair serves as a vessel for moments of contemplation and introspection, reminding us of the hidden treasures waiting to be discovered within our universe. This design masterpiece encourages us to foster these moments of connection and appreciation, much like the little brass birds that perch, converse, and shine, patiently waiting for us to uncover and cherish their presence.

In spaces both ornate and minimalistic, traditional and modern, COSMOS finds its place as a testament to the cosmic threads that bind us all. A chair, yes, but more so an emblem of the profound relationship between humans, objects, and the universe they inhabit. COSMOS chair is a masterpiece that bridges time, space, and design, igniting a spark of curiosity and wonder in all who encounter it.

The COSMOS chair isn’t confined by traditional categorizations. It defies simple definitions, gracefully dancing between the realms of functional furniture and captivating art. Its ability to evoke emotions and stimulate profound contemplation sets it apart as a beacon of creativity and innovation in the design world. It’s not just a chair; it’s a journey—a journey through the intricacies of the universe and the depths of our own imagination.

The post COSMOS Chair: An Experience that Unveils a Multiverse of Emotions and Intricacies first appeared on Yanko Design.

YouTube will show a minimalist home page if your watch history is turned off

Posted on by

YouTube announced today that it’s changing how its home page works if you have your watch history disabled. Starting today, the video service’s home feed will stop appearing for those with their viewing history turned off and “no significant prior watch history.” The change will provide a more streamlined browsing experience, showing only the search bar and guide menu.

“Starting today, if you have YouTube watch history off and have no significant prior watch history, features that require watch history to provide video recommendations will be disabled — like your YouTube home feed,” the company wrote in a blog post today. “This means that starting today, your home feed may look a lot different: you’ll be able to see the search bar and the left-hand guide menu, with no feed of recommended videos, thus allowing you to more easily search, browse subscribed channels and explore Topic tabs instead.”

YouTube says the changes will appear “slowly, over the next few months.” The company describes the move as making “it more clear which YouTube features rely on watch history to provide video recommendations and make it more streamlined for those of you who prefer to search rather than browse recommendations.”

YouTube says, once the change rolls out to your account, you can change your watch history settings to switch views at any time. The toggle is in a dedicated section on the My Google Activity settings page.

This article originally appeared on Engadget at https://www.engadget.com/youtube-will-show-a-minimalist-home-page-if-your-watch-history-is-turned-off-204126043.html?src=rss